Emeka Chukwu, the Production Manager of Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing Company, sets a production target of 500 vehicles per month for his team. At month-end, only 420 vehicles were produced. He compares actual output to the target and initiates corrective actions. Which management function is Emeka primarily performing?

Controlling involves establishing performance standards, measuring actual performance, comparing actual performance against standards, and taking corrective action where deviations exist. Emeka's activities — setting a target, measuring output, comparing results, and initiating corrections — are all elements of the controlling function. Planning involves setting objectives beforehand; Organising involves arranging resources; and Leading involves directing and motivating people.