Which of the following was a major criticism of the French policy of Association introduced in the early twentieth century?

The policy of Association, which replaced Assimilation as the dominant French colonial ideology after the turn of the twentieth century, was criticized for abandoning the egalitarian ideal of making Africans full French citizens while still maintaining the premise of French cultural and racial superiority. It acknowledged African cultures to some degree but did so in a paternalistic framework that denied true equality. Critics argued it was Assimilation in practice but without its theoretical promise of citizenship.