Read the following passage carefully and answer ALL the questions that follow. The nexus between poverty and crime has long been a subject of intense academic scrutiny. Proponents of the socioeconomic theory of crime argue that deprivation, marginalisation, and the absence of legitimate economic opportunities are the primary catalysts that propel individuals towards criminal behaviour. They contend that when people are systematically excluded from the mainstream economy and denied access to quality education, healthcare, and housing, they inevitably resort to illicit means of survival. Critics of this deterministic view, however, maintain that poverty is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for criminality. They point to the existence of impoverished communities with remarkably low crime rates and to the prevalence of white-collar crime among the affluent as evidence that moral agency, cultural values, and institutional integrity are equally, if not more, decisive factors. (a) What is the grammatical name and function of the expression 'that deprivation, marginalisation, and the absence of legitimate economic opportunities are the primary catalysts that propel individuals towards criminal behaviour'? [4 marks] (b) Identify TWO examples of nominalisation (the use of nouns derived from verbs or adjectives) from the passage and for each, state the verb or adjective from which it is derived. [4 marks] (c) The word 'deterministic' is used in the passage. i. Identify the root word and ALL affixes used to form 'deterministic'. [3 marks] ii. What does 'deterministic' mean as used in the passage? [2 marks] (d) Identify the rhetorical device used in the expression 'neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition' and explain its grammatical function in the sentence. [3 marks] (e) From the passage, find ONE word that is closest in meaning to 'illegal' and ONE word that is closest in meaning to 'wealthy'. [2 marks] (f) Rewrite the following sentence in the active voice: 'The poor are systematically excluded from the mainstream economy by those in power.' [2 marks] [Total: 20 marks]