Separation of powers is associated with:

**The reasoning** The doctrine of **Separation of Powers** — dividing government into three branches (Executive, Legislature, Judiciary) so no single body holds all authority — was popularized by **Baron de Montesquieu**, a French philosopher. In his 1748 book *The Spirit of the Laws*, he argued that liberty is best protected when governmental powers are separate and balanced. This idea directly influenced modern democracies, including Nigeria's 1999 Constitution, which divides power among the President, National Assembly, and courts. **Why the wrong options tempt you** - **John Locke** discussed government and individual rights but focused on *natural rights* and the *social contract*, not specifically separating powers into three branches. - **Karl Marx** wrote about *class struggle* and communism — totally different topic from governmental structure. - **Adam Smith** is the "father of capitalism," writing about *free markets* in economics (*The Wealth of Nations*), not political theory. **Quick takeaway** Remember: **Montesquieu = Separation of powers into three branches**. If you see "checks and balances" or "three arms of government," think Montesquieu!