The scientist most associated with the theory of evolution by natural selection is:

**The reasoning** Charles **Darwin** published "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, introducing the groundbreaking theory of **evolution by natural selection**. His key idea: organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully, passing those advantageous traits to their offspring. Over many generations, this process leads to the evolution of species. Darwin observed finches in the Galápagos Islands with different beak shapes adapted to different food sources—this was crucial evidence for his theory. This is foundational knowledge in Biology, appearing frequently in JAMB, WAEC, and NECO. **Why the wrong options tempt you** - **Mendel (A)**: He's the "father of genetics" who studied inheritance patterns in pea plants—related to Biology, but focused on *how* traits pass down, not *why* species change over time. - **Newton (C)**: Famous physicist (laws of motion, gravity)—completely different field. - **Einstein (D)**: Another physicist (relativity, E=mc²)—no connection to biological evolution. **Quick takeaway** **Darwin = Evolution by natural selection**; Mendel = Genetics; Newton & Einstein = Physics. Keep each scientist matched to their breakthrough!